44.13. Which of the following is included in the duties of road users?
UAЩо з переліченого нижче входить в обов'язки учасників дорожнього руху?
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This exam question from the Traffic Rules of Ukraine tests the basic duties of road users, on which road safety directly depends. Such norms are the foundation of traffic regulations: they determine how a driver should behave every day in order not to provoke dangerous situations, to maintain control over the situation, and to care for other road users.
In content, this question belongs to the section of the Traffic Rules about the driver's duties, specifically to point 2.3. For the theoretical exam, it is important to remember that this point collects requirements that do not compete with each other but complement one another: attentiveness and control of the road situation (subpoint "b"), prohibition of polluting the roadway and the roadside (subpoint "g"), the duty not to create a safety hazard (subpoint "d"), and the requirement to inform road maintenance organizations or the police about obstacles on the road (subpoint "e"). That is why individual options from the list are correct as statements, but in the test format, the correct choice is the generalized option that covers this entire set of requirements.
The practical significance of the topic is simple: attentiveness and lack of distractions reduce the risk of accidents, road cleanliness prevents skidding and crashes, the principle of "not creating a hazard" applies even when the situation is not described by a specific sign or marking, and reporting obstacles helps to eliminate danger for everyone more quickly. Understanding point 2.3 of the Traffic Rules of Ukraine provides the correct logic for many exam questions, as it explains which driver actions are considered mandatory by default in any road conditions.
Clause 2.3 (subclause "b")
To ensure road safety, the driver is obliged to: "be attentive, monitor the road situation, respond appropriately to its changes, monitor the correct placement and securing of cargo, the technical condition of the vehicle, and not be distracted from driving this vehicle while on the road."
This subclause directly corresponds to the duty "to be attentive, monitor the road situation, respond appropriately to its changes" (answer 1).
Clause 2.3 (subclause "g")
To ensure road safety, the driver is obliged to: "not pollute the carriageway and the roadside of motor roads."
This subclause directly corresponds to the duty "not to pollute the carriageway and the roadside of motor roads" (answer 2).
Clause 2.3 (subclause "d")
To ensure road safety, the driver is obliged to: "not create a threat to road safety by their actions."
This subclause directly corresponds to the duty "not to create a threat to road safety by their actions" (answer 3).
Clause 2.3 (subclause "e")
To ensure road safety, the driver is obliged to: "inform road maintenance organizations or authorized units of the National Police about detected facts of creating obstacles to road traffic."
This subclause directly corresponds to the duty "to inform road maintenance organizations or authorized units of the National Police about detected facts of creating obstacles to road traffic" (answer 4).
Therefore, the correct answer is "Answers 1, 2, 3, and 4 are duties," given that according to the definition of the Traffic Rules, the listed actions are directly provided as driver duties in clause 2.3 (subclauses "b", "g", "d", "e").
When the exam asks about the duties of road users, you should refer to clause 2.3 of the Traffic Rules of Ukraine. It directly lists what a driver is required to do (and these requirements essentially define the basic behavior of a road user for safety on the road).
The first group of duties concerns attentiveness and control of the situation. According to clause 2.3, the driver must be attentive, constantly assess the road situation and respond promptly to its changes, as well as not be distracted while driving. In practice, this means: not "driving on autopilot", monitoring the maneuvers of others, traffic light signals, signs, pedestrians, changes in the road surface, and not engaging in distracting activities (such as making phone calls).
The second part of the duties is related to the cleanliness and condition of the road. Clause 2.3 establishes that a road user does not have the right to pollute the carriageway and the roadside. For example, it is not allowed to bring dirt from a construction site on the wheels without cleaning, spill loose cargo, or leave garbage or materials on the road that could make the surface slippery or dangerous.
The third requirement is general but key: not to create a threat to road safety by your actions. This covers any behavior that could lead to danger: sharp unjustified maneuvers, intentional obstruction, ignoring distance, provoking an emergency situation, etc. That is, even if a specific case is not described by a separate sign or clause, the principle of "not creating a threat" still applies.
The fourth duty concerns responding to obstacles. Clause 2.3 provides that if facts are discovered that create obstacles to traffic, the driver must inform road maintenance organizations or units of the National Police. For example, if a fallen tree, an open manhole cover, spilled cargo, or a dangerous unguarded pit appears on the road, notifying the relevant services helps prevent accidents.
Thus, the correct answer is "Answers 1,2,3,4 are duties," since clause 2.3 of the Traffic Rules directly establishes the duties to be attentive and not distracted, not to pollute the road, not to create a safety hazard, and to report obstacles to road traffic.