Clause 12.10 — 12 "Speed of movement"

"Additional restrictions on the permitted speed of movement may be introduced temporarily or permanently. In this case, together with speed limit signs 3.29 and 3.31, it is mandatory to additionally install appropriate road signs warning about the nature of the danger and/or approaching the relevant object. If speed limit signs 3.29 and/or 3.31 are installed in violation of the requirements for their implementation defined by these Rules or in violation of national standards, or remain after the circumstances for which they were installed have been eliminated, the driver cannot be held liable under the law for exceeding the established speed limits."

Clause 12.10-1 — 12 "Speed of movement"

"Restrictions on the permitted speed of movement (road signs 3.29 and/or 3.31 on a yellow background) are introduced temporarily exclusively:

a) at locations where road works are being carried out;

b) at locations where mass and special events are being held;

c) in cases related to natural (weather) phenomena."

Clause 8.2.1 — 8 "Traffic regulation", 8.2 "Road signs"

"Road signs take precedence over road markings and may be permanent, temporary, or with variable information. Temporary road signs are placed on portable devices, road equipment, or mounted on a shield with a yellow background and take precedence over permanent road signs."

Clause 33.3.29 — 33 "Road signs", 3 "Prohibitory signs", sign 3.29 "Maximum speed limit"

"Prohibits movement at a speed exceeding that indicated on the sign. The area of effect of the sign is from the place of installation to the nearest intersection beyond it, and in populated areas where there are no intersections — to the end of the populated area. The effect of the sign is not interrupted at exits from adjacent territories to the road and at intersections (junctions) with field, forest, and other unpaved roads, before which no priority signs are installed. The area of effect of the sign may be reduced: by installing sign 3.30 "End of maximum speed limit" at the end of its area of effect; by changing the maximum speed value on the sign. The effect of the sign installed before a populated area marked with sign 5.45 "Beginning of populated area" extends up to this sign."

Clause 33.3.31 — 33 "Road signs", 3 "Prohibitory signs", sign 3.31 "Maximum speed limit zone"

"Prohibits movement within the zone (populated area, neighborhood, recreation area, etc.) at a speed exceeding that indicated on the sign. The area of effect of the sign may be reduced by installing sign 3.32 "End of maximum speed limit zone" at the end of its area of effect. The effect of the sign applies to the entire relevant zone."

That is, the correct answer is "Answers 1 and 2.", given that according to the definition of the Traffic Rules, temporary speed limits with signs 3.29 and/or 3.31 on a yellow background are introduced, in particular, during mass/special events and in cases of natural (weather) phenomena (clause 12.10-1).

Temporary speed limits in Ukraine are introduced specifically by road signs when it is necessary to quickly change the usual traffic regime due to a temporary danger or event. This primarily concerns signs 3.29 "Maximum speed limit" and/or 3.31 "Maximum speed limit zone," which are installed as temporary when they have a yellow background or are placed on portable structures.

Clause 12.10-1 of the Traffic Rules directly states that such temporary speed limits are introduced exclusively in clearly defined situations. That is, the driver should understand: if they see a temporary speed limit sign, it did not appear "just because," but due to a specific temporary reason.

Such reasons include, in particular, locations where road works are being carried out. A practical example: pavement is being repaired, machinery is operating, lanes are narrowed or the trajectory of movement is changed. In this case, a limit of 30 or 50 km/h may be set on a yellow background to reduce risks for drivers and road workers.

Temporary restrictions are also introduced in places where mass or special events are held. For example, during closures or partial traffic restrictions near a stadium, fair, official event, or place where people gather, the speed may be temporarily reduced to ensure the safety of road users.

An important nuance from clause 12.10: together with the temporary speed limit, warning signs must also be installed to explain the nature of the danger or the approach to an object (for example, "Road works"). This helps the driver understand the reason for the restriction and correctly assess the situation.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Answers 1 and 2," since temporary speed limits by signs (3.29 and/or 3.31 on a yellow background) are introduced in the temporary cases defined by the Traffic Rules, in particular at locations of road works and at places where mass or special events are held.